Proviable DC vs FortiFlora: Which Is Better for Dogs?

Medically Reviewed by: Dr. Muhammad Saeed, PhD

Last updated: September 13, 2026

When a dog develops loose stool, digestive discomfort, or an upset stomach after antibiotics, stress, boarding, or a sudden food change, Proviable-DC and FortiFlora are often among the probiotics considered. Both products are designed to support canine digestive health, but they differ considerably in their probiotic strains, CFU counts, added ingredients, taste, and method of administration.

Which is better: Proviable-DC or FortiFlora?

Proviable-DC may be the better choice when a veterinarian wants a multi-strain synbiotic containing 5 billion CFUs and the prebiotic fructooligosaccharide. FortiFlora may be preferable for occasional diarrhea, picky eaters, and dogs that need an easy-to-administer flavored powder containing the well-studied SF68 probiotic strain.

Proviable-DC vs FortiFlora at a glance

Best for multi-strain support: Proviable-DC
Best for picky eaters: FortiFlora
Higher total CFU count: Proviable-DC
Contains an added prebiotic: Proviable-DC
Easiest premeasured powder: FortiFlora
Best-known individual strain: FortiFlora’s SF68
Best for every dog: Neither

FortiFlora is a liver-flavored probiotic powder built around one bacterial strain, Enterococcus faecium SF68. Proviable-DC is a seven-strain capsule containing 5 billion colony-forming units, or CFUs, together with fructooligosaccharide, commonly called FOS. Because Proviable-DC combines probiotics with a prebiotic, it can be described as a synbiotic.

The comparison is not as simple as assuming seven strains are always better than one or that 5 billion CFUs must work better than 100 million. The clinical value of a probiotic depends on the exact strain, formulation, viability, storage conditions, health problem being managed, and the individual dog.

The latest evidence-based guidance does not consider probiotics a guaranteed treatment for every episode of canine acute diarrhea. The ENOVAT guideline panel concluded that the potential benefits and limitations were closely balanced and could not recommend either for or against routine probiotic use for acute diarrhea in dogs (1). A related systematic review and meta-analysis found no clinically important reduction in the duration of acute diarrhea across the probiotic and synbiotic studies included in its analysis (2).

This does not mean that probiotics are never useful. It means that they should be chosen for a clear reason and used as supportive care rather than as a replacement for hydration, dietary management, diagnostic testing, parasite treatment, or other veterinary care.

Seek veterinary attention promptly if diarrhea is severe, bloody, black, recurrent, or accompanied by repeated vomiting, abdominal pain, dehydration, fever, weakness, marked lethargy, weight loss, or refusal to eat.

Quick Summary: The Core Differences Between Proviable and FortiFlora

Feature	Proviable-DC	FortiFlora
Manufacturer	Nutramax Laboratories Veterinary Sciences	Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Supplements
Product type	Multi-strain synbiotic	Single-strain probiotic
Number of strains	Seven	One
CFUs per labeled daily serving	5 billion per capsule	100 million per sachet
Added prebiotic	Yes, fructooligosaccharide	No added prebiotic in the standard powder
Main form	Capsule that can be given whole or opened	Flavored powder sachet
Standard label direction	One capsule daily	One sachet daily
Main practical strength	Multiple strains plus FOS	Palatability and simple administration
Common reason for use	Broader intestinal microbiota support	Occasional diarrhea and poor supplement acceptance
Main limitation	More strains do not guarantee better results.	Lower CFU count and one strain
Use in young dogs.	Labeled for young and adult dogs	Labeled for puppies and adult dogs
Refrigeration	Not required; store below 77°F.	Follow the storage directions on the package.

FortiFlora may suit a dog that refuses pills, needs a flavored food topper, or has been prescribed the SF68 strain. Proviable-DC may be more appropriate when the goal is to provide several probiotic strains together with prebiotic support.

These are practical differences, not universal treatment rules. A dog with ongoing digestive problems needs a veterinary assessment rather than repeated trials of different supplements.

Scientific Breakdown: Analyzing the Probiotic Strains and CFU Count

A probiotic is a live microorganism that may provide a health benefit when administered in an appropriate amount. In dogs, probiotics are commonly used to support stool quality, intestinal microbial balance, digestive function, and recovery after disruptions such as dietary changes or medication use.

However, the word “probiotic” covers many different microorganisms. Products containing different strains should not be expected to produce identical effects.

A meaningful probiotic comparison should consider:

The bacterial genus, species, and strain
The number of viable organisms in each serving
Whether viability is maintained during storage
Survival through the stomach and intestinal tract
The formulation used to protect and deliver the organisms
Added prebiotics or fermentable fibers
Evidence involving the actual strain or product
The dog’s diet, age, medications, and health status
The condition for which the supplement is being used

Current canine probiotic research recommends evaluating strain identity, intestinal microbiota effects, epithelial-barrier function, immune interactions, safety, and meaningful clinical outcomes rather than focusing only on the largest CFU number printed on a label (3).

Purina Pro Plan FortiFlora Strain Profile: Enterococcus faecium SF68

FortiFlora contains one probiotic strain: Enterococcus faecium SF68.

The SF68 designation matters because probiotic effects are strain-specific. Findings involving SF68 cannot automatically be applied to every strain of Enterococcus faecium or to every probiotic containing that species.

Each standard FortiFlora sachet provides 100 million CFUs, written as 1 × 10^8 CFUs. The label recommends one sachet daily or administration according to a veterinarian’s instructions.

FortiFlora has several practical strengths:

One clearly identified probiotic strain
A premeasured daily sachet
Microencapsulation designed to support stability and intestinal delivery
Powder that can be sprinkled directly onto food
Liver flavor and yeast that improve palatability
Use in puppies and adult dogs
Label positioning for occasional diarrhea

The product’s main advantage is not a particularly high CFU count. It is the combination of an identifiable strain, simple dosing, and high acceptance among many dogs.

FortiFlora is often useful when an owner cannot give capsules or when a dog is reluctant to eat. Its aroma can make a meal more appealing, which is why it is frequently chosen for picky eaters.

However, flavored ingredients deserve closer attention when a dog has a confirmed food allergy or is completing a strict elimination-diet trial. Even a small amount of flavored supplement may interfere with a carefully controlled diet. Owners should review the ingredient list with the veterinarian managing the trial.

FortiFlora does not contain a broad mixture of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains. That does not make it an inferior probiotic. A defined single-strain product may be more suitable than a multi-strain product when the veterinarian specifically wants to use SF68.

Nutramax Proviable-DC Multi-Strain Profile: Seven-Strain Formulation

Proviable-DC uses a broader formulation. Each capsule provides 5 billion CFUs from seven identified bacterial strains:

Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 30183
Bifidobacterium bifidum NCIMB 30179
Streptococcus thermophilus NCIMB 30189
Lactobacillus helveticus NCIMB 30184
Lactobacillus delbrueckii NCIMB 30186
Lactobacillus casei NCIMB 30188
Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB 30187

The capsule also contains FOS, gum arabic, maltodextrin, gelatin, ascorbic acid, and manufacturing ingredients.

The potential advantage of a seven-strain probiotic is broader microbial diversity. Different organisms may interact with the intestinal environment in different ways. They may produce metabolites, influence local acidity, compete for nutrients, or interact with the intestinal barrier and immune system.

Nevertheless, a multi-strain formulation should not automatically be described as superior. Although the strains are supplied together, current evidence does not prove that the complete seven-strain combination consistently outperforms FortiFlora’s SF68 strain in dogs with diarrhea or another digestive condition.

Proviable-DC’s practical advantages include:

Seven identified probiotic strains
Several probiotic genera
5 billion CFUs per capsule
Added FOS prebiotic
A capsule that can be given whole
The option to open the capsule and mix its contents with food
Use for intestinal imbalance associated with stress, travel, kenneling, food changes, food sensitivity, or dietary indiscretion

Proviable-DC is therefore a reasonable choice when a veterinarian prefers a multi-strain synbiotic rather than a flavored single-strain powder.

CFU Count Analysis: 5 Billion vs 100 Million

A colony-forming unit is an estimate of the number of viable microorganisms capable of producing colonies under laboratory conditions.

The numerical difference between the two products is substantial:

Proviable-DC: 5 billion CFUs per capsule
FortiFlora: 100 million CFUs per sachet

Proviable-DC provides approximately 50 times more CFUs per labeled daily serving. However, this does not mean it is 50 times stronger or 50 times more effective.

CFU count alone cannot show:

How well the microorganisms survive storage
How many survive exposure to stomach acid
Whether they reach the intended part of the intestinal tract
Whether they remain biologically active
Whether the strains have been studied for the dog’s condition
Whether the dog’s microbiome will respond
Whether the dog will consistently consume the product

A lower quantity of a well-characterized strain can be more appropriate for a specific clinical goal than a higher quantity of strains that have less condition-specific evidence. Conversely, a veterinarian may prefer a higher-CFU, multi-strain product when broader intestinal support is the objective.

When comparing CFU counts in dog probiotics, consider the strain identities, product quality, storage requirements, clinical evidence, and reason for administration—not just the number on the package.

The Role of Prebiotics: Why Proviable Includes FOS

Proviable-DC contains probiotics and the prebiotic fructooligosaccharide, making it a synbiotic supplement.

Prebiotics are not live bacteria. They are substrates that selected intestinal microorganisms can use. FOS reaches the lower gastrointestinal tract, where it can be fermented by members of the intestinal microbiota.

FOS may help by:

Providing fermentable material for selected gut bacteria
Supporting the activity of beneficial microorganisms
Influencing the production of microbial metabolites
Complementing the probiotic organisms in the capsule
Supporting the existing intestinal microbial community

Standard FortiFlora powder does not list FOS or another added prebiotic. Its distinguishing characteristics are the SF68 strain, microencapsulation, and palatable powder format.

The addition of a prebiotic does not guarantee that Proviable-DC will produce better results. Fermentable ingredients can affect individual dogs differently. Some dogs tolerate FOS without difficulty, while others may develop increased gas, intestinal sounds, or temporary stool changes.

A dog with a particularly sensitive stomach, chronic enteropathy, pancreatitis, suspected food intolerance, or recurring diarrhea should receive veterinary guidance before beginning a new synbiotic.

Palatability and Administration: Capsules vs Flavored Powder Sachets

The effectiveness of any supplement depends partly on whether the dog will consume it consistently. Administration is therefore an important part of the comparison.

FortiFlora powder sachets

FortiFlora is packaged in individual sachets and sprinkled over food once daily.

Its liver flavor and yeast produce a strong aroma that many dogs find appealing. This makes it particularly convenient for:

Picky eaters
Dogs that reject tablets and capsules
Owners who prefer premeasured servings
Travel and boarding situations
Dogs that respond well to food toppers
Households in which more than one person handles feeding

Because one sachet represents one daily serving, there is no need to measure powder.

The main consideration is its flavoring. Dogs completing a strict hydrolyzed-protein or novel-protein diet trial should not receive a flavored supplement unless the veterinarian confirms that it will not interfere with the diet.

Proviable-DC capsules

Proviable-DC capsules can be administered in several ways:

Given whole
Hidden in a small amount of appropriate food
Opened and sprinkled over a meal

The ability to open the capsule makes Proviable-DC useful for dogs that cannot swallow pills but will accept an unflavored or less strongly flavored powder mixed into food.

The standard label direction is one capsule daily for dogs and cats of all sizes unless a veterinarian recommends a different plan. The product should be stored at room temperature below 77°F and protected from direct sunlight.

FortiFlora generally has the advantage when a dog needs a highly palatable probiotic powder. Proviable-DC offers greater flexibility for owners who prefer a multi-strain capsule that can also be opened.

When to Choose FortiFlora for Your Dog

FortiFlora may be a practical choice in several situations.

Occasional uncomplicated diarrhea

FortiFlora is labeled to assist in the management of occasional diarrhea in puppies and adult dogs.

It may be considered supportive care when a dog has a mild, brief episode but remains active, hydrated, and interested in food. However, diarrhea can also result from parasites, infection, toxins, pancreatitis, foreign-body obstruction, endocrine disease, food reactions, or chronic intestinal disorders.

A probiotic should not delay veterinary care when the dog appears unwell.

Your dog refuses capsules.

FortiFlora’s strong aroma and flavored powder make it easier to give to dogs that resist pills or reject less palatable supplements.

Your veterinarian wants the SF68 strain.

Some veterinarians select probiotics based on the identity of the strain rather than the total number of strains. FortiFlora provides a defined SF68 formulation.

You prefer a premeasured daily serving.

One sachet represents one standard serving. This can improve consistency and reduce confusion about how much to give.

Your dog is a picky eater.

FortiFlora may make food more appealing because of its liver flavor and yeast. Its value in this setting is partly related to better compliance: a dog is more likely to receive the intended serving when it willingly eats the supplemented meal.

FortiFlora may not be the best option when:

A flavored supplement conflicts with an elimination diet.
The dog has a sensitivity to one of its listed ingredients.
A veterinarian specifically wants a multi-strain synbiotic.
The dog refuses the powder.

Diarrhea is recurrent, severe, or unexplained.

When to Choose Proviable-DC for Your Dog

Proviable-DC may be preferable when the desired formulation extends beyond one probiotic strain.

Broader multi-strain intestinal support

Its seven-strain blend includes organisms from the Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, and Lactobacillus groups. This gives Proviable-DC greater strain diversity than FortiFlora.

You want a probiotic with a prebiotic.

Proviable-DC combines live microorganisms with FOS. It is therefore the clearer option when a veterinarian wants a synbiotic rather than a probiotic alone.

Stress or a food change has affected stool quality.

Travel, kenneling, dietary indiscretion, a sudden change in food, and food sensitivities can all affect intestinal function. Proviable-DC is positioned for digestive imbalance associated with these situations.

Mild stool changes may improve as the dog adjusts, but persistent diarrhea should not automatically be blamed on stress or diet. Other causes may require testing.

Longer-term digestive support is being considered.

Proviable-DC may be used daily according to its label or a veterinarian’s instructions. Its capsule format and larger package options can be convenient when longer-term support is recommended.

Daily use should not become a substitute for investigating recurring symptoms. A dog that needs a probiotic continuously because diarrhea returns whenever it is stopped may have an underlying condition that requires diagnosis.

Your dog accepts capsule powder better than flavored products.

Some dogs dislike FortiFlora’s strong flavor but accept the contents of an opened Proviable-DC capsule mixed into their regular food.

Proviable-DC may be less appropriate when:

FOS appears to worsen gas or abdominal discomfort.
The dog refuses the capsule or powder.
The owner expects the high CFU count to treat an undiagnosed disease.
The dog needs urgent medical assessment.
A veterinarian has selected another probiotic strain for a specific reason.

Proviable Forte vs Proviable DC: What Is the Difference?

Proviable-DC and Proviable-Forte belong to the same product family, but they are separate formulations.

Feature	Proviable-DC	Proviable-Forte
Number of strains	Seven	Seven
CFUs per capsule	5 billion	10 billion
Prebiotics	Included	Included
General positioning	Daily multi-strain intestinal support	Higher-CFU veterinary formulation
Availability	Available through several channels	Available exclusively through veterinarians
Administration	Capsule may be given whole or opened.	Sprinkle capsules may be given whole or opened.
Selection	Label use or veterinary guidance	Veterinary guidance

Proviable-Forte provides 10 billion CFUs per capsule, twice the amount contained in Proviable-DC, while using the same seven listed strain identities.

Certain Proviable kits also contain a kaolin-and-pectin paste intended to support normal stool consistency during short-term digestive upset. The standard Proviable-DC capsule does not contain that paste.

The higher CFU count in Proviable-Forte does not mean that every dog should receive it instead of Proviable-DC. The appropriate formulation depends on the dog’s diagnosis, tolerance, diet, medications, and the veterinarian’s treatment objective.

Can You Give Proviable and FortiFlora Together?

Proviable-DC and FortiFlora should not routinely be given together unless a veterinarian has recommended a specific plan.

Combining them would increase both the number of strains and the total CFU intake, but more bacteria do not necessarily produce a better result. Using both products at the same time may also:

Increase the possibility of gas or stool changes
Add unnecessary expense
Interfere with a controlled food trial
Make it difficult to identify which product helped
Make it difficult to identify which product caused intolerance

A more controlled approach is to choose one product for a clear reason, give it consistently, and monitor stool quality, appetite, vomiting, gas, urgency, and general behavior.

When a probiotic does not help, reassessment is usually more useful than automatically adding a second one.

Why Do Vets Recommend FortiFlora for Picky Eaters?

FortiFlora is commonly chosen for picky eaters because its liver-flavored powder has a strong smell and taste.

The powder can be spread across the surface of wet or dry food, allowing the dog to smell it before beginning the meal. This can improve acceptance in dogs that resist capsules or unflavored powders.

Its palatability does not mean it is microbiologically superior to Proviable-DC. It means FortiFlora may achieve better compliance in a dog that would otherwise refuse its probiotic.

A sudden loss of appetite should not be treated only with a flavored food topper. Reduced appetite can be associated with nausea, pain, pancreatitis, intestinal obstruction, dental disease, fever, medication reactions, or systemic illness.

Does FortiFlora or Proviable Work Better After Antibiotics?

Antibiotics can alter the intestinal microbiota as well as target the organisms responsible for an infection. A veterinarian may recommend a probiotic or synbiotic during or after antibiotic treatment to support stool quality and intestinal recovery.

FortiFlora may be selected when easy administration and the SF68 strain are priorities. Proviable-DC may be chosen when a multi-strain product with FOS is preferred.

There is not enough evidence to declare one of these products universally better after antibiotics. The choice may depend on:

The antibiotic being used
The reason it was prescribed
Whether diarrhea began before or after treatment
The dog’s diet and appetite
Previous responses to probiotics
Ingredient sensitivities
The veterinarian’s preferred timing and duration

Ask the prescribing veterinarian whether the probiotic should be given at a different time of day from the antibiotic. The appropriate schedule depends on the medication and probiotic formulation.

Diarrhea developing during antibiotic treatment should not automatically be treated at home. Contact the veterinarian if it is severe, persistent, bloody, or accompanied by vomiting or reduced appetite.

Does FortiFlora or Proviable Work Better After Giardia Treatment?

Neither FortiFlora nor Proviable-DC kills Giardia. Neither product replaces prescribed antiparasitic treatment, environmental cleaning, bathing, or follow-up testing.

A veterinarian may recommend one of these probiotics after Giardia treatment to support stool consistency or intestinal recovery. However, current evidence does not show that Proviable-DC is consistently better than FortiFlora or that FortiFlora is consistently better than Proviable-DC for dogs recovering from giardiasis.

The decision may depend on:

Whether diarrhea has resolved
The medication used for Giardia
Whether an antibiotic was also prescribed
The dog’s appetite
Ingredient sensitivities
The need for prebiotic support
The desired strain profile
Previous response to either product

Persistent loose stool after Giardia treatment can have several explanations, including reinfection, incomplete parasite clearance, dietary intolerance, post-infectious intestinal disturbance, another parasite, or an unrelated gastrointestinal disorder.

A probiotic may be part of supportive care, but it should not replace reassessment when symptoms continue.

Can Proviable or FortiFlora Cause Gas or Soft Stool?

Both products are generally used to support digestion, but any supplement that changes the intestinal environment may occasionally be followed by temporary digestive changes.

Possible effects include:

Increased gas
More noticeable intestinal sounds
Mild abdominal bloating
Temporary soft stool
Reduced acceptance of supplemented food

FOS is a fermentable prebiotic and may contribute to increased gas in some sensitive dogs. Tolerance varies, and many dogs take Proviable-DC without this problem.

Worsening diarrhea should not be dismissed as a normal “detox” or adjustment period. Stop the supplement and contact a veterinarian if:

Diarrhea becomes watery or frequent.
Blood or black material appears in the stool.
Vomiting begins.
The dog becomes weak, painful, or lethargic.
Appetite declines.
Signs continue or become more severe.

Cost-Effectiveness: Which Supplement Fits Your Long-Term Budget?

Prices vary by package size, seller, veterinary clinic, region, and subscription discount. Package price alone is therefore not a fair way to compare Proviable-DC and FortiFlora.

A more useful calculation is

Cost per day = package price ÷ number of daily servings

Both standard labels use one daily unit:

One Proviable-DC capsule
One FortiFlora sachet

Other factors also affect value:

Number of servings in the package
Shipping or veterinary dispensing fees
Whether the dog consumes every dose
Whether unused servings are wasted
Short-term versus long-term use
Compatibility with the dog’s diet
Need for veterinary monitoring
Savings from larger packages

FortiFlora may provide better practical value for a picky eater because its palatability can reduce missed doses. Proviable-DC may offer better formulation value when the owner and veterinarian specifically want seven strains plus FOS.

The lowest-priced probiotic is not cost-effective when the dog refuses it. Similarly, a more expensive or higher-CFU product is not automatically more medically useful.

The Final Verdict: Which Probiotic Wins?

What Should You Look for on a Dog Fiber Supplement Label?

There is no universal winner in the Proviable DC vs. FortiFlora comparison.

FortiFlora stands out for:

Strong palatability
Easy powder administration
Premeasured sachets
The defined SF68 strain
Dogs that resist capsules
Label use for occasional diarrhea
Situations in which food acceptance affects compliance

Proviable-DC stands out for:

Seven identified probiotic strains
5 billion CFUs per capsule
Added FOS prebiotic
Synbiotic formulation
Flexible capsule administration
Broader intestinal-support positioning
Owners looking for a multi-strain dog probiotic

What the current evidence cannot prove

Research does not establish that:

Proviable-DC is better solely because it contains more CFUs.
Seven probiotic strains always work better than one.
FortiFlora resolves every case of canine diarrhea.
Either product eliminates Giardia.
One product is universally better after antibiotics.
Combining both products creates a stronger treatment.
Either a probiotic replaces the veterinary diagnosis or medical care.

Current evidence supports an individualized decision rather than declaring one supplement superior for every dog (1, 2). Differences in strain identity, prebiotic content, stability, palatability, administration, and the clinical objective may still make one product more suitable for a particular patient (3).

The most balanced conclusion is

FortiFlora may be the better choice when palatability, simple administration, and use of the SF68 strain are the main priorities. Proviable-DC may be more appropriate when a veterinarian prefers a seven-strain synbiotic containing FOS for broader intestinal support.

For mild and short-lived digestive upset in an otherwise healthy dog, either product may be considered supportive care under veterinary guidance. For recurring diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, blood in the stool, poor appetite, abdominal pain, or symptoms that do not improve, the next step should be a veterinary examination—not simply a probiotic with a higher CFU count.

Medical Disclaimer

This article is for educational purposes only and does not replace professional veterinary advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Consult your veterinarian before giving your dog Proviable-DC, FortiFlora, or another supplement, especially if symptoms are severe, persistent, or accompanied by vomiting, blood in the stool, pain, weakness, dehydration, or loss of appetite.

Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs)

1. How long does Proviable-DC or FortiFlora take to work?

Some dogs may show better stool consistency within a few days, while others may not respond. Contact your veterinarian if symptoms persist, worsen, or repeatedly return.

2. Can puppies take Proviable-DC or FortiFlora?

Both products are labeled for young dogs. However, puppies with diarrhea can become dehydrated quickly, so veterinary guidance is recommended before treating them at home.

3. Does Proviable-DC need to be refrigerated?

No. It should be stored at room temperature below 77°F and protected from direct sunlight.

4. Can FortiFlora be given every day?

FortiFlora may be given daily according to its label or a veterinarian’s directions. Long-term use should be discussed with a veterinarian, particularly when digestive symptoms are ongoing.

5. Should probiotics be separated from antibiotics?

Ask the veterinarian who prescribed the antibiotic. A different administration time may be recommended, but the appropriate schedule depends on the medication and probiotic product.

6. When is dog diarrhea an emergency?

Seek urgent veterinary care for repeated vomiting, substantial blood, black stool, severe pain, weakness, dehydration, abdominal swelling, suspected toxin exposure, or rapid deterioration.

References

Jessen LR, Werner M, Singleton D, Prior C, Foroutan F, Ferran AA, et al. European Network for Optimization of Veterinary Antimicrobial Therapy (ENOVAT) guidelines for antimicrobial use in canine acute diarrhoea. The Veterinary Journal. 2024;307:106208. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106208
Scahill K, Jessen LR, Prior C, Singleton D, Foroutan F, Ferran AA, et al. Efficacy of antimicrobial and nutraceutical treatment for canine acute diarrhoea: A systematic review and meta-analysis for European Network for Optimization of Antimicrobial Therapy (ENOVAT) guidelines. The Veterinary Journal. 2024;303:106054. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106054
Xia J, Cui Y, Guo Y, Liu Y, Deng B, Han S. The function of probiotics and prebiotics on canine intestinal health and their evaluation criteria. Microorganisms. 2024;12(6):1248. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12061248